To hedge or not to hedge international equities has been a perennial question for Australian investors for decades, with conventional wisdom dictating that hedging against foreign currency moves is good risk management and reduces volatility.
However, Credit Suisse Private Bank’s analysis over the last 20 years reveals that for Australian investors, whose portfolio value is calculated in Australian Dollars (AUD), hedging international equities may have a detrimental outcome, adding to volatility without improving returns.
Why is this the case? It is because of the pro cyclical behavior of the Australian economy and the AUD. Being a commodities focused economy, the AUD moves up and down with the price of commodities. Strong global growth, which of late has been led by China and the US, translates into higher demand for raw materials. When demand for commodities is strong, the Australian economy is generally stronger, and so is the AUD. Conversely, when the global economy is weak, demand for manufactured goods and commodities is also weak and so puts downward pressure on the AUD.
How this translates into stock market prices is interesting. When global growth is weak, stock markets tend to be weak as well, but we also know that under this scenario the AUD tends to depreciate against foreign currencies. If for example US shares are falling, the AUD is falling at the same time. Thus when the value of those US shares is translated back into AUD, the loss in value is smaller. The movement in the AUD/USD acts as a buffer for returns.
Statistically speaking, our mapping of the relationship between global stock markets and the AUD shows a positive correlation – they move in the same direction more often than not. This relationship is shown in the following graph. The dotted red circles highlight those periods when the MSCI World Index suffered its biggest falls. You will note the depreciation in the AUD/USD and AUD Trade Weighted Index (TWI) that occurs concurrent with each correction.
The conclusion is that not hedging FX on international shares over the long term will reduce volatility.
However, when we turn to the bond market and ask the same question – should Australian investors hedge FX risk on foreign currency denominated bonds? The answer is the opposite – yes, they should.
Analysis of the same 20 year data set, shows a reverse relationship between the AUD/USD and the direction of bond prices. The AUD generally appreciates with weak bond prices, which is usually concurrent with stock market strength. If international currency bonds aren’t hedged to AUD, the bond price fall is exaggerated when translated to AUD. In a low bond yield environment, the move in the currency can completely offset the yield from bonds, driving bond returns into negative territory. On the other hand, if bond prices are rising, as investors seek certainty in a volatile market for global growth, the AUD is likely to be depreciating, exaggerating the return on the upside.
Although this is a positive during an uncertain environment – such as the present - we need to consider the overall risk return characteristics created by an unhedged position. The point to note here is that bonds are in a portfolio to provide income and portfolio stability. In a fully unhedged position, the bond returns, and stability of those returns, may be overwhelmed by the movement in the currency. This changes the risk profile of a bond allocation from one of stability to one that resembles a more volatile risk asset, which is undesirable from an overall portfolio perspective.
We graphed the impact on volatility of hedging global bonds to AUD, the reduction in volatility is dramatic.
The alternative to hedged foreign bonds is to own AUD bonds. In fact, we recommend to our Australian clients to have a bond portfolio dominated by AUD bonds. The yield on AUD bonds is generally higher than other developed markets, and provides a stable flow of AUD income. It also provides a more direct counter weight to volatility in Australian biased equity portfolios. But to be clear, investors can add value by hedging or not hedging at particular times, they just have to get it right, and need to be aware that picking short term foreign currency moves is notoriously difficult. An Australian investor that wants insurance against weaker global growth and a falling AUD, may consider holding unhedged US Treasuries now for instance.
Our overall conclusion is the starting point for long term investors who expect to stay invested through the cycle, should be not to hedge international equities, but do hedge foreign currency bonds.
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