What will it take for small caps to join the rally?

“Life moves pretty fast. If you don’t stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it” – Ferris Bueller

If you only check the markets once a month, you’d have missed the dramatic sell off experienced in April and the equally powerful recovery that ensued.

But what you would have missed is one hell of a rollercoaster ride.

After U.S. President Donald Trump announced higher-than-expected tariffs on ‘Liberation Day’, the S&P 500 crashed -11.2% from the start of the month to its April 8th low.

Then, by month end, it had recovered almost all that fall.

From its April 8th low - when Trump paused tariffs for 90 days – the Nasdaq, has put on an incredible +27% - one of the most-explosive rallies on record.

Is the rally because expectations for U.S. corporate earnings have suddenly improved?

No. Corporate earnings expectations for the S&P 500 over the next 12 months are marginally lower now than when the market bottomed on April 8th.

But in recent months global trade uncertainty and recession risk in the U.S. and globally has receded. It’s become clearer that President Trump isn’t willing to drive the economic car off the cliff in pursuit of his tariff agenda.

That’s not to say a crash is totally off the cards; but a truly horrific fender bender looks less likely, particularly with airtime starting to increase for growth-positive U.S. tax cuts and deregulation.

The probability of a U.S. recession in 2025, according to Polymarket, has dropped from a high of 66% earlier in May to just 29% now.

And despite some deteriorating softer economic data (mostly survey data of households and businesses), hard economic data such as actual consumer spending and employment, for now at least, have remained rock solid.

While Trump continues to fill the headlines – and that’s not about to change – we thought we’d turn our attention this month to our No.1 question from investors:

“As a small caps manager, what do you think it’s going to take for small caps to start outperforming?”

The recent small cap ride

Given U.S. small caps make up about 60% of global small caps (with Japan in a distant second place at 13%), it makes sense to focus on the U.S. because it’s in the cockpit for launching small-cap outperformance.

Below, the orange line shows U.S. small-cap performance (S&P 600 index) divided by U.S. large-cap performance (S&P 500 index).

When the orange line moves up, small caps are outperforming large caps, and when it moves down small caps are underperforming.

In March 2020, when COVID first hit and markets sank, small caps underperformed. Investors shunned the less liquid small end of the market in favour of less risky and more liquid large caps.

The Federal Reserve in the U.S., and most other central banks, cut interest rates in short order, and share markets recovered through the middle of the year. The rally was similar across U.S. small and large caps.

Then came November 2020, when first news of an effective COVID vaccine spread, and small caps shot ahead. We all knew we’d be able to go out again and the market looked forward to a recovering economy.

That small cap bullishness started to wane, though, around mid-2021 when inflation began shooting up as a result of the COVID lockdowns clogging supply chains, and – in hindsight – when the U.S. government and its handout cheques created overstimulus.

This would start the current four-years-and-counting underperformance of small caps through to today.

Why have small caps underperformed?

Two headwinds for small caps

Higher inflation is typically harder for smaller companies to pass on to consumers because they have less pricing power than large caps.

But, most importantly, higher inflation means higher interest rates.

Small caps in the U.S. typically have more short-term floating rate debt, making them more sensitive to higher interest rates.

At the same time, when war between Russia and Ukraine broke out in early 2022, pushing up oil prices and inflation again, it turned a gentle Fed interest-rate tightening cycle into the fastest hiking in 40 years.

Almost every economist you could find was predicting a U.S. recession in 2022 on the back of those rate hikes. That worry drove continued underperformance of small caps which historically have fallen more in recessions.

But by the third quarter of 2022 it had become clear inflation was peaking, and the U.S. share market finally reached a bottom after a brutal bear market.

This current bull market started in the U.S. (and globally) in October 2022, fuelled first by “the worst is over” for inflation hopes.

The bull market then received extra fuel after the release of ChatGPT in November that year, which boosted large cap tech performance amid optimism they would dominate the AI arms race.

All the while U.S. small caps continued to underperform.

Potential catalysts for a small cap rally

However, it’s important to note that this action historically is VERY unusual.

Every other bull market that we have small-cap data for going back to the late 1970s shows small caps outperform in the initial days, weeks and months of a new bull market.

Not this time.

There have been three periods during this bull market, however, when small caps have outperformed for two to four weeks.

That gives us a BIG clue of what the market is looking for to drive a more durable small-cap rally.

Those periods of small-cap outperformance occurred in December 2023, July 2024 and November 2024.

• The first two were driven by soft inflation data and hopes for imminent interest rate cuts by the Fed. No surprise here: High inflation/rates were the catalyst for small-cap underperformance, lower inflation/rates should be the antidote.
• The third was a big small-cap rally when Trump was elected late last year that had investors salivating for a cyclical upswing in economic and corporate earnings growth from the more business-friendly President.

The reality since then, however, is that the Fed has held off further rate cuts, preferring to wait and see how Trump’s tariffs impact inflation.

Though the Fed has taken rates down by 1%, they are still restrictive at 4.25% to 4.5%, and they remain above its estimates of a ‘neutral’ rate of 3.0%.

The good news is that markets are pricing in approximately almost 1% of rate cuts over the next year which will make rates much less restrictive and more small-cap friendly.

Earnings drive share markets – small caps need some!

Ultimately, lower interest rates are just a means to an end for small-cap outperformance. And that end is better earnings growth.

U.S. small-cap earnings growth in aggregate has been on the fast train to nowhere over the last two years or so.

And while mid caps have eked out some tiny growth, both mid caps and small caps have been well and truly bested by large-cap earnings growth driven, of course, by a Magnificent 7-induced earnings spree.

Here’s some more good news: U.S. small-cap earnings have never flat lined or gone backwards before for more than about two years. So history says this earnings wilderness might be getting a little long in the tooth.

Rate cuts for more rates-sensitive small caps will help.

Greater tariff clarity would also help. The U.S. tariff situation is a mixed bag for U.S. small-cap revenues and earnings. Small caps are less likely than large caps to have supply chains weaving throughout the world which run afoul of tariffs.

But if they do source goods from overseas, they are less likely than large caps to have the bargaining power to rework those supply chains through lower tariffed countries (if it was even possible to identify who they are yet!).

The bottom line is that when tariff uncertainty is high, economic growth uncertainty is also high. And while that’s happening investors are likely to prefer larger and more liquid companies, which will keep the share prices of large caps comparatively higher than small caps until the tariff dust settles.

The good news is that tariff dust will likely clear at some point this year.

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